Before his death in 2021 at the age of 57, TB Joshua was one of Africa’s most influential televangelists.
However, an investigation by the BBC has uncovered more than a decade of allegations of rape and torture by him inside his compound in Lagos.
Joshua amassed great wealth throughout his career, possessing a fleet of cars and travelling via private jet.
But his beginnings were far more humble. Born Temitope Balogun Joshua to a poor family on 12 June 1963, he was raised by a Muslim uncle after his Christian father died.
One of the claims he made was that he had been in his mother’s womb for 15 months.
He also said that during his early days, he experienced a three-day trance in which he was called to serve God.
“I am your God. I am giving you a divine commission to go and carry out the work of the heavenly father,” Joshua declared.
It was then that he started the Synagogue, Church of All Nations (Scoan), with eight members.
Joshua and Scoan rose to prominence in the late 1990s, amid an explosion of “miracle” programmes performed by pastors on Nigerian TV.
Tens of thousands of followers from Nigeria and around the world would regularly attend his services in Lagos, Nigeria’s biggest city, in an attempt to be healed and hear the preacher’s “prophecies”.
Joshua also took his ministry on tour, visiting other African countries, the UK, US, and nations in South America.
Officials asked Joshua to tell infected followers in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone – the worst affected countries – not to travel to Joshua’s Lagos church for healing.
He agreed to suspend some of the church’s healing programmes but is also said to have sent 4,000 bottles of “anointing water” to Sierra Leone, falsely claiming they could cure the disease.
Joshua’s anointing water was always in high demand – in 2013 a rush for the bottles at his church in Ghana led to the death of four people in a stampede.
Many criticised the preacher following the incident but police in Ghana said it was difficult to apportion blame.
In an even deadlier case the following year, one of Joshua’s churches collapsed in Lagos, killing at least 116 people.
The preacher never faced charges, despite a coroner in a Lagos court saying that “the church was culpable because of criminal negligence”.
Although thousands packed his churches, Joshua always struggled to be accepted by his peers.
Ostracised by both the Christian Association of Nigeria (Can) and the Pentecostal Fellowship of Nigeria (PFN), he was described as an “impostor” who belonged to a group of “occults” that had infiltrated Christianity.
“He was rough. He was crude. http://juswortele.com/ His methods were unorthodox,” Abimbola Adelakun, assistant professor in the African Studies Department at the University of Texas, told the BBC in 2021.